Vlk dravý - Canis Lupus
Vlk dravý
alebo staršie vlk obyčajný alebo len vlk (Canis lupus) je druh šelmy z čeľade psovité (kam patrí aj pes, líška, šakal či kojot) z radu mäsožravce.
Všeobecne sa vlk považuje za priameho predka psa, resp. predka, ktorý sa na genetickom základe psa podieľal najvýznamnejším dielom.
Výskyt
V minulosti obývali vlci veľké oblasti Severnej Ameriky, Európy, Ázie či Blízkeho Východu. Rozširovaním ľudského osídlenia z mnohých území postupne vymizli. Hlavnými príčinami ich odstrelu boli škody, ktoré spôsobovali pastierom zabíjaním dobytka, strach obyvateľstva, že vlk je pre človeka nebezpečný, ale aj zárobok a úžitok zo surovín z vlka. Pôvodný biotop vlka bol v každom krajinnom type. V dnešnej dobe žijú vlci v rozsiahlých častiach Ruska, Európy a Kanady. Celkovo vlk nie je považovaný za ohrozený druh, aj keď niektoré lokálne populácie sú na pokraji vyhynutia. V posledných rokoch je trendom opätovná introdukcia vlkov do oblastí, kde už dlho nežijú (napríklad do Yellowstonského národného parku v USA).
Veľkosť vlka závisí od druhu, množstva potravy a zemepisnej šírky. V južnejších zemepisných šírkach bývajú vlci spravidla menší ako na severe. Najväčší vlci žijú na Sibíri a v Kanade, kde dosahujú hmotnosť okolo 80 kg až nad 100 kg (počet týchto jedincov je však aj v týchto oblastiach nízky). Samice vážia asi o 20% menej ako samce. Priemerná váha sa podľa druhu pohybuje od 30 do 80 kg. Výška v ramene je 80 až 105 cm. Ich veľkosť ešte znásobuje srsť, ktorá je v zime dlhá až 6 cm. Hriva je 15 cm široká a srsť na nej dosahuje dĺžku od 10 cm do 13 cm. Chlpy na nej vyrastajú zo svalu, ktorý ich umožňuje podvihnúť, čím vytvára dojem ešte väčšej veľkosti. Vzdialenosť od nosa po koniec chvosta sa pohybuje od 180 až 270 cm, pričom chvost dosahuje dĺžku až 50, niekedy 60 cm. Veľkosť dospelého jedinca nadobudnú vlci za 1 rok od narodenia.
V porovnaní so psom rovnakej veľkosti má vlk užšiu hruď, nohy sú v pomere ku telu dlhšie a stopy ľavých a pravých nôh sú bližšie k sebe.
Predné majú väčšiu veľkosť ako zadné, pričom na predných je piaty prst uložený cca. 5 cm nad labkou. Naježená srsť a špeciálna cirkulácia ich chráni pred zamrznutím. Pachové žľazy medzi prstami umožňujú vlkom lepšiu orientáciu a zároveň nimi aj informujú ostatných o svojom pohybe. Na rozdiel od človeka, vlk chodí iba po prstoch a nie celom chodidle. Oblasť dotyku predných labiek so zemou je veľká, vďaka čomu môžu ľahšie prenášať váhu a pohybovať sa po snehu.
Čeľuste sa vyznačujú veľkou silou okolo 100 kg/cm², čím dokážu drviť kosti – pre porovnanie, nemecký ovčiak vyvinie len polovicu tejto sily. Chrup sa skladá zo 42 zubov: 20 v hornej a 22 v dolnej časti. Tesáky môžu dorastať až do dĺžky 6,5 cm, sú mierne zahnuté a ostré. Zubný vzorec: 3142/3143.
Farba vlka sa líši (môže byť sivá, biela, čierna, červená, hnedá...). Tieto farby sa medzi jedincami miešajú, vo svorke nie sú všetky vlky rovnako sfarbené. Takisto väčšina vlkov nie je jednofarebná. Sfarbenie tiež súvisí s prostredím kde žijú (Vlk etiópsky-oranžový, Vlk arktický-biely...). Pri narodení majú mláďatá spravidla tmavšiu srsť a modré oči, ktoré sa približne po 10 týždňoch zmenia na zlatožlté.
Zmysly
Najdôležitejšími zmyslami vlka sú čuch, sluch a zrak.
Tento zmysel hrá v živote vlka veľmi dôležitú úlohu, pretože ním hľadajú korisť, čuchovými stopami si značia svoje územie a takisto sa ním aj navigujú. Oblasť nosa, ktorá zachytáva pachy je u vlka až 14-krát väčšia ako u človeka a obsahuje 200 miliónov čuchových receptorov, zatiaľ čo ľudská má 5 miliónov. Vnímaniu pachu napomáha vlhký nos, ktorý rozpúšťa vo vzduchu molekuly a vnáša ich ku zmyslovým bunkám. V dobrých podmienkach vlci zavetria pach aj na 3 kilometre.
Vlk počuje až do frekvencie 80 kHz a vie zamerať jeden konkrétny zvuk, pričom hluk utíši – to umožňuje sedemnásť svalov, ktoré hýbu ušnicou podľa potreby. Na otvorenom priestranstve počujú do diaľky okolo 8 kilometrov.
Zrak je veľmi ostrý a vyvinutý hlavne na vnímanie pohybu, na rozdiel od ľudského oka, ktoré je prispôsobené na vnímanie informácií. Preto vlk zvyčajne nehybné objekty prehliadne, ale aj nepatrný pohyb na väčšiu vzdialenosť zaznamená. Vlk vidí v tme lepšie ako človek vďaka inému farebnému spektru videnia. Zorný uhol vlka je 180º, jeho korisť má väčšinou zorný uhol okolo 300º, čo spôsobuje, že vlk je oproti svojej potencionálnej koristi v nevýhode.
Oproti človeku je hmat vlka slabo vyvinutý.
Ostatné
Podobne ako psy sú vlci citliví na vibrácie, čím vedia rozpoznať napríklad blížiace sa zemetrasenie.
(zdroj: wikipedia)
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